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Adrenal fatigue
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Adrenal Gland
the adrenal gland is made up of the outer cortex…
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Adrenal insufficiency (Addison’s disease)
Adrenal Insufficiency can be defined Real, Iatrogenic, and Imagined 1.…
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Central diabetes insipidus
Diabetes insipidus (DI) Diabetes insipidus CAUSES OF CENTRAL DIABETES INSIPIDUS…
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Cushing’s syndrome & disease
Circadian rhythms & stress 🡪 CNS higher centres (NA, ACH,…
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Dexamethasone Suppression Test and the Synacthen Test
Cushing’s Syndrome 2. Addison’s Disease Feature Dexamethasone Suppression Test Synacthen…
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Diabetes – diagnosis and investigations
Diagnosis Assessing diabetes risk Patients should be assessed for diabetes…
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Diabetes – Management
Initial Management Plan 1. Patient Education and Individualized Targets 2.…
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Diabetes – management of complications
Macrovascular Complications of Diabetes 1. Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) 2.…
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Diabetes – Medications
Type Initial Treatment Key Considerations Escalation Criteria Type 1 Diabetes…
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Diabetes – sick day plan
1. Preparation Before Becoming Unwell 2. When to Start the…
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Diabetes – Insulin
Action: Facilitates glucose uptake, lowers blood glucose levels. Efficacy: Most…
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Diabetes Types / History / Examination
Classification and Clinical Features of Diabetes Mellitus Type 1 Diabetes…
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Diabetic Ketoacidosis
Diabetic ketoacidosis – DKA DKA arises due to absolute or…
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Diabetic polyneuropathy
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Endocrine Disorders
Endocrine Disorders: Hypo- and Hyperfunction by Gland Gland/Organ Hypofunction Disorders…
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Galactorrhea
Hyperprolactinemia
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Gestational Diabetes
Classification Diagnosis Screening: 2nd Trimester – 24-28 weeks gestation Screening…
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GLP-1 Agonists and DPP-4 Inhibitors
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is an incretin hormone—also classified as a gut-derived…
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Hyperaldosteronism
(Conn’s syndrome – both hyper-secretions are “C” diseases – cf.…
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Hypercalcaemia
is needed in many other enzymes as co-factor : ECF…
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Hyperosmolar Hyperglycaemic State / HONK
OVERVIEW PATHOPHYSIOLOGY Here is a more detailed comparison of Hyperosmolar…
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Hyperprolactinaemia
additional info: https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/bjpsych-advances/article/management-of-antipsychoticinduced-hyperprolactinaemia/6495A80D8850C4233ACDF8F4EDEC1A0C Physiology Causes of hyperprolactinaemia Examples Physiological (transient…
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Hyperthyroidism
Thyroid Hormone Regulation Functions of Thyroid Hormone Hyperthyroidism Hyperthyroidism is…
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Hypocalcaemia
CAUSES HISTORY EXAMINATION INVESTIGATIONS MANAGEMENT
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Hypoglycaemia
https://www.racgp.org.au/getattachment/e5311638-b32d-4a11-88b3-9a35ee268d83/Hypoglycaemia-in-nondiabetic-patients-an-evidence.aspx Traditional Classification: Criticisms of Traditional Classification: Alternative Classification Based…
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Hypothyroidism
AETIOLOGY OF HYPOTHYROIDISM 1. Iodine Deficiency 2. Autoimmune Thyroiditis 3.…
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Metformin
First-line pharmacotherapy for most individuals with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus…
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Parathyroid disease
Hyperparathyroidism three types of Hyperparathyroidism [CKD → impaired renal phosphate…
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Pituitary disease
Pituitary adenoma – are the most common pituitary tumours– may…
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Psychogenic polydipsia
excessive thirst and compulsive water drinking. Signs and symptoms of…
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SGLT2 Inhibitors
Mechanism of action Transient drop in renal function 2. Glycaemic…
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starting Insulin and Insulin education
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Sulfonylureas
Second-line oral hypoglycaemic agents for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM).…
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Testosterone deficiency (hypoandrogenism)
Androgen physiology Aetiology of androgen deficiency Primary: Secondary: Primary Hypogonadism…
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Thyroid – anatomy & function
Thyroid Hormone Regulation and Metabolism Active and Inactive Forms of…
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Thyroid disease in pregnancy
AFP – Thyroid disease in the perinatal period http://www.racgp.org.au/afp/2012/august/thyroid-disease-in-the-perinatal-period/ Etg…
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Thyroid Nodules and Cancers
Thyroid nodules are often picked up as incidental findings on…
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Thyroid storm
Precipitants of Thyroid Storm Pathophysiology Clinical Manifestations Organ System Symptoms…
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Type 2 diabetes: Goals for optimum management
Parameter Goals/Recommendations Diet – Follow Australian dietary guidelines with attention…